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NEW QUESTION: 1
A. Yes
B. No
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION: 2
Which of the following is NOT true about IPSec Tunnel mode?
A. Fundamentally an IP tunnel with encryption and authentication
B. Works at the Transport layer of the OSI model
C. Have two sets of IP headers
D. Established for gateway service
Answer: B
Explanation:
IPSec can be run in either tunnel mode or transport mode. Each of these modes has
its own particular uses and care should be taken to ensure that the correct one is selected for the
solution:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used between gateways, or at an end-station to a gateway, the
gateway acting as a proxy for the hosts behind it.
Transport mode is used between end-stations or between an end-station and a gateway, if the
gateway is being treated as a host-for example, an encrypted Telnet session from a workstation
to a router, in which the router is the actual destination.
As Figure 1 shows, basically transport mode should be used for end-to-end sessions and tunnel
mode should be used for everything else. (Refer to the figure for the following discussion.)
Figure 1 Tunnel and transport modes in IPSec.
Figure 1 displays some examples of when to use tunnel versus transport mode:
Tunnel mode is most commonly used to encrypt traffic between secure IPSec gateways, such as
between the Cisco router and PIX Firewall (as shown in example A in Figure 1). The IPSec
gateways proxy IPSec for the devices behind them, such as Alice's PC and the HR servers in
Figure 1. In example A, Alice connects to the HR servers securely through the IPSec tunnel set up
between the gateways.
Tunnel mode is also used to connect an end-station running IPSec software, such as the Cisco
Secure VPN Client, to an IPSec gateway, as shown in example B.
In example C, tunnel mode is used to set up an IPSec tunnel between the Cisco router and a
server running IPSec software. Note that Cisco IOS software and the PIX Firewall sets tunnel
mode as the default IPSec mode.
Transport mode is used between end-stations supporting IPSec, or between an end-station and a
gateway, if the gateway is being treated as a host. In example D, transport mode is used to set up
an encrypted Telnet session from Alice's PC running Cisco Secure VPN Client software to
terminate at the PIX Firewall, enabling Alice to remotely configure the PIX Firewall securely.
AH Tunnel Versus Transport Mode
Figure 2 shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to AH. In transport mode, AH services
protect the external IP header along with the data payload. AH services protect all the fields in the
header that don't change in transport. The header goes after the IP header and before the ESP
header, if present, and other higher-layer protocols.
In tunnel mode, the entire original header is authenticated, a new IP header is built, and the new
IP header is protected in the same way as the IP header in transport mode.
Figure 2 AH tunnel versus transport mode.
AH is incompatible with Network Address Translation (NAT) because NAT changes the source IP
address, which breaks the AH header and causes the packets to be rejected by the IPSec peer.
ESP Tunnel Versus Transport Mode
Figure 3 shows the differences that the IPSec mode makes to ESP. In transport mode, the IP
payload is encrypted and the original headers are left intact. The ESP header is inserted after the
IP header and before the upper-layer protocol header. The upper-layer protocols are encrypted
and authenticated along with the ESP header. ESP doesn't authenticate the IP header itself.
NOTE
Higher-layer information is not available because it's part of the encrypted payload.
When ESP is used in tunnel mode, the original IP header is well protected because the entire
original IP datagram is encrypted. With an ESP authentication mechanism, the original IP
datagram and the ESP header are included; however, the new IP header is not included in the
authentication.
When both authentication and encryption are selected, encryption is performed first, before
authentication. One reason for this order of processing is that it facilitates rapid detection and
rejection of replayed or bogus packets by the receiving node. Prior to decrypting the packet, the
receiver can detect the problem and potentially reduce the impact of denial-of-service attacks.
Figure 3 ESP tunnel versus transport mode.
ESP can also provide packet authentication with an optional field for authentication. Cisco IOS
software and the PIX Firewall refer to this service as ESP hashed message authentication code
(HMAC). Authentication is calculated after the encryption is done. The current IPSec standard
specifies SHA-1 and MD5 as the mandatory HMAC algorithms.
The main difference between the authentication provided by ESP and AH is the extent of the
coverage. Specifically, ESP doesn't protect any IP header fields unless those fields are
encapsulated by ESP (tunnel mode). Figure 4 illustrates the fields protected by ESP HMAC.
Figure 4 ESP encryption with a keyed HMAC.
IPSec Transforms
An IPSec transform specifies a single IPSec security protocol (either AH or ESP) with its
corresponding security algorithms and mode. Example transforms include the following:
The AH protocol with the HMAC with MD5 authentication algorithm in tunnel mode is used for
authentication.
The ESP protocol with the triple DES (3DES) encryption algorithm in transport mode is used for
confidentiality of data.
The ESP protocol with the 56-bit DES encryption algorithm and the HMAC with SHA-1
authentication algorithm in tunnel mode is used for authentication and confidentiality.
Transform Sets
A transform set is a combination of individual IPSec transforms designed to enact a specific
security policy for traffic. During the ISAKMP IPSec security association negotiation that occurs in
IKE phase 2 quick mode, the peers agree to use a particular transform set for protecting a
particular data flow. Transform sets combine the following IPSec factors:
Mechanism for payload authentication-AH transform
Mechanism for payload encryption-ESP transform
IPSec mode (transport versus tunnel)
Transform sets equal a combination of an AH transform, plus an ESP transform, plus the IPSec
mode (either tunnel or transport mode).
This brings us to the end of the second part of this five-part series of articles covering IPSec. Be
sure to catch the next installment.
Cisco Press at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/printerfriendly.asp?p=25477
and
Source: TIPTON, Harold F. & KRAUSE, MICKI, Information Security Management Handbook, 4th
Edition, Volume 2, 2001, CRC Press, NY, Pages 166-167.
NEW QUESTION: 3
Ein Netzwerktechniker koordiniert das Upgrade der WAP-Firmware des Unternehmens mit allen Remote-Standorten. Das Unternehmen hat gelegentlich Fehler beim Übertragen großer Dateien an einige der Remote-Büros festgestellt. Welche der folgenden Optionen sollte verwendet werden, um sicherzustellen, dass Dateien ohne Änderungen eintreffen?
A. Komprimierung
B. Datei-Hash
C. FCS
D. Verschlüsselung
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION: 4
회사에서 Amazon RDS for PostgreSQL 단일 AZ DB 인스턴스 관리에 모든 주문을 저장하는 온라인 쇼핑 애플리케이션을 호스팅하는 경우 단일 장애 지점을 제거하고 솔루션 설계자에게 데이터베이스 중단 시간을 최소화 할 수 있는 방법을 제안하도록 요청했습니다. 응용 프로그램 코드.
어떤 솔루션이 이러한 요구 사항을 충족합니까?
A. 새 RDS 다중 AZ 배포 생성 현재 RDS 인스턴스의 스냅 샷을 생성하고 스냅 샷을 사용하여 새 다중 AZ 배포를 복원
B. 다른 가용 영역에서 PostgreSQL 데이터베이스의 읽기 전용 복제본 생성 Amazon Route 사용
데이터베이스에 요청을 분산시키기 위한 53 개의 가중치 레코드 세트.
C. 최소 그룹 크기가 2 인 Amazon EC2 Auto Scaling 그룹에 PostgreSQL 용 RDS 데이터베이스를 배치합니다. Amazon Route 53 가중 레코드 세트를 사용하여 인스턴스간에 요청을 분산시킵니다.
D. 데이터베이스 인스턴스를 수정하고 다중 AZ 옵션을 지정하여 기존 데이터베이스 인스턴스를 다중 AZ 배포로 변환하십시오.
Answer: D